By Michael Bass, Carolyn MacDonald, Guifang Li, Casimer M. DeCusatis, Virendra N. Mahajan
V. 1. Geometrical and actual optics, polarized gentle, elements and tools -- v. four. Optical houses of fabrics, nonlinear optics, quantum optics -- v. five. Atmospheric optics, modulators, fiber optics, X-ray and neutron optic
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The parameter F is the focal length of the sample. θ N = (rMIR + rFOV )/L + (rFOV + rapt )/R − rspot /F (3) It is easy to achieve values of qN below 10° and values as small as 1° can be realized with careful design. The offset angle from specular, qspec, at which the measurement is dominated by the specular beam, can be reduced to less than a tenth of a degree at visible wavelengths and is given by θ spec = rdiff + rapt R ≈ 3λ rapt + D R (4) Here, rdiff and rapt are the radius of the focused spot and the receiver aperture, respectively (see Fig.
Its use has caused some of the confusion surrounding measurement differences found in scatter round robins. In accordance with the original definition, accepted practice, and BRDF Standards,33,36 the BRDF contains the cosine, as given in Eq. (1), and the cosine-corrected BRDF does not. It also makes sense to extend the definition to volume scatter sources and even make measurements on the transmissive side of the sample. The term BTDF (for bidirectional transmission distribution function) is used for transmissive scatter, and BSDF (bidirectional scatter distribution function) is all-inclusive.
2 is representative of the most common instrument configuration in use. The source is fixed in position. The sample is rotated to the desired incident angle, and the receiver is rotated about the sample in the plane of incidence. Although dozens of instruments have been built following this general design, other configurations are in use. For example, the source and receiver may be fixed and the sample rotated so that the scatter pattern moves past the receiver. This is easier mechanically than moving the receiver at the end of an arm, but complicates analysis because the incident angle and the observation angle change simultaneously.